Truman Doctrine

Truman tenet Ryan Hauppa A. image of Investigation The following questions entrust be investigated What were the events and finalitys that lead to the evolution of the Truman precept? What was its performance on US Foreign Policy and its impact on Greece, washout and atomic number 63? Research leave behind be conducted c erstrning the Post beingness fight II Treaties as Potsdam, Soviet legal jointure aggression, and the Greek and misfire Crisis. These events prompted the development of the Truman Doctrine the US extraneous policy to contain the fan out of socialism.Trumans 1947 mention that introduced the teaching to the world, his own personal theorys, and the support and criticism of the policy will be examined. The doctrine will be analyzed as to how it shaped future American policies and programs as the marshal Plan and led to the get together of the Soviet nitty-gritty and the end of the heatless War everyplace forty age later. (Word Count -143) B. diges t of Evidence creative activity War II devastated atomic number 63. Millions of people died. Many of those remaining were starvation and in command of food and shelter since the farms and cities of many countries were destroyed.Billions of dollars were dog-tired. Countries were nearly bankrupt. Europe was in economic, social, and political devastation. aft(prenominal) the surrender of Germany in 1945, the joined States, gigantic Britain, and the Soviet marriage met first at Yalta and later at Potsdam in Germany. They met to cut off war reparations and boundaries of Germany. As part of the agreements, Germany was split into East and West. The eastern portion was controlled by the Soviet compact and the West by the linked States, coupled Kingdom, and France. Berlin, the capital, which is inside Eastern Germany, was also divided by the quaternary countries. Pemberton 50) In 1945 and 1946, Stalin, the leader of the Soviet Union, had been taking over new countries including Poland, Hungary, Romania, and Czechoslovakia by establishing presidential terms brotherly to him. (CNN refrigerated War Appendix Maps) The Soviet Union focuse next on Greece and Turkey. In February of 1947, Great Britain informed the unify States in a State Department Telegram that that they could no perennial bequeath financial assist to the governments of Greece and Turkey since they did not kick in the money and re springs.Both governments were being threatened by Communist insurgents. (Truman depository library Telegram 1) Truman pledged that it must be the policy of the United States to support at large(p) peoples who are resisting assay subjugation by armed minorities or outside pressures in a court of the President of the United States in March of 1947. (Truman Address 1) The economic supporter program was costly amounting to supply of much than $ cd million for the two countries to aid the pro- res publica governments and oppose the Communists. The policy was later called the Truman Doctrine.Congress was divided over the program. Democrats valued to give discretion and the newly formed United Nations a chance slice Republicans were isolationist and concerned that the program was withal costly. Despite a divided Congress, the program was adopted since some(prenominal) eventually were more concerned over the spread of Communism in the region. The Cold War skirmish had begun. The United States and its principles of granting immunity, capitalism, and democracy were fighting philosophically and economically against Communism and the Soviet Union. Donovan 286) Truman and George Marshall, his Secretary of State, then prompt for even greater aid for the rest of Europe. Their objective was to rebuild Western Europe and prevent a Communism stock over of the remaining free nations. The policy was called the Marshall Plan, the European Economic convalescence Program. over $13 billion in aid was provided in 1947. (Truman Memoirs 111) The Cold War was expanded. Stalin tried to break down the United States and its affiliate in 1948 and 1949 by shutting down addition to Berlin.Truman responded by airlifting supplies into the city until access as again. (Pemberton 102) Afterward, the brotherhood Atlantic Treaty Organization was formed in 1949 to defend Western Europe militarily against a Soviet invasion as response by the United States in the Cold War. The Soviet Union in turn allied the Eastern European nations under the Warsaw Pact. (Pemberton 104) The Berlin protect, the figure of the Cold War, was strengthened in 1961 and later torn down in 1989 later many days of conflict. The Soviet Union finally collapsed in 1991. (Word Count 567) C.Evaluation of Sources The almost important beginning in investigating the egress of the Truman Doctrine is President Trumans Memoirs. The positive 1947 presidential Address Recommending for Assistance to Greece and Turkey and critical government documents as the State D epartment Telegrams for Greece, Turkey and the USSR are included. Truman gives his own personal viewpoints of what happened age he was President. The police detective can obtain a clear view from the president himself. From his writings, you can regulate that Truman was a knotty working, tell it like it is man.When he made a decision, he stuck with it and moved on. The decision to proceed with the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan was difficult and not very popular, but Truman did it because he thought it was the right intimacy to do. The limitation of the source is that it was written by Truman and may contain him look too favorable. The other source most used was the book written by Robert Donovan, The Presidency of ravage Truman 1945-1958 betrothal & Crisis. Mr. Donovan was a diary keeper at the White House during the Truman presidency.He provided critical firsthand insights into the actual events with his notes and research from the actual participants. His research int o the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan was more thorough and comprehensive than most of the other sources used that were cited in the research paper. Mr. Donovan provides an excellent historical perspective of the pros and cons of Trumans and his staffs decisions. The limitation of the source is that the book was written in 1977 so it does not include the perspective after the fall of the Berlin Wall and the end of the Soviet Union and Communism in Europe. Word Count 285) D. synopsis Truman in his Memoirs marks his 1947 Address as follows This was, I believe, the turning point in Americas foreign policy, which now state that wherever aggression, direct or indirect, threatened by peace, the security of the United States was complicatedAfter I delivered the vocabulary the world reaction proved that this approach had been the right one. Truman went on further to describe in other addresses the alternate airs of demeanorOne way is grime on the will of the majority, and is dis tinguished by free institutions, representative government, free elections, guarantees of individual liberty, freedom of speech and religion and freedom from political oppressionThe second way of life is based upon the will of the minority forcibly obligate upon the majority. It relies upon terror and oppression, a controlled press and radio, fixed elections and the suppression of personal freedoms. (106) Truman believes that the United States and its representative way of life is better then the Soviet Union and its evil oppressive way of life.He wanted to make sure that the world understood his commitment by his strong language. The Communists should not quickly take over free countries and threaten the United States and its allies. His own divided Congress should beware of the former(prenominal) policies of isolationism and the hope that diplomacy and the United Nations could solve the crisis. The Soviet Union already had taken over the Eastern European countries in violatio n of the Yalta and Potsdam agreements. The Greece and Turkey crisis was critical to victory in the Cold War. If either Greece or Turkey neglect to the Soviet Union, the other would follow.More nations would tumble as a row of dropping dominoes extending Soviet domination to Europe, the Middle East oil fields, and Africa. (Hamby 391) (CNN Cold War Appendix Maps) Communism could have spread very quickly worldwide, but it did not. The Truman Doctrine is the epitome of the containment of Communism. (Donovan 284) Greece, Turkey, Europe, and even Russia, the former Soviet Union, are before long free and democratic nations. Europe was in economic, political, and social devastation after World War II. Winston Churchill once declared, What is Europe now?It is a rubble-heap, a charnel house, a breeding ground of pestilence and hate. It was the ideal time for the Soviet Union to support Communism. (Goldman 66) At over $13 billion, it was aid on a much greater scale. The Truman Doctrine pro mpted the Marshall Plan. Truman in his Memoirs claimed that the plan was developed to do the following (1) parry increasing pressure of Communist imperialism, and (2) Rebuild Europe. By rebuilding Europe, America would helper to establish that red-blooded economic balance which is essential to the peace of the world. 111) Rebuilding Europe was not totally a guinea pig security issue but also a national economic issue. At the end of World War II, the United States was a major exporter. (Donovan 287) Without a strong Europe, the United States would presumable have had a poor economy for many years because of lack of trade with Europe. Instead, the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan led to over fifty years of prosperity for Europe and the United States and the end of the Cold War. (Word Count 534) E. closing With the Truman Doctrine, the United States entered a new era of foreign policy.Great Britain, France, and Germany were no longer the colonial powers. The United States was the most powerful free nation in the world. The balance of power changed. Over the next forty years, the United States and the Soviet Union fought a Cold War for a way of life. The United States spent trillions of dollars, but the spread of Communism in Europe was contained. The result would have neer have occurred had it not been for Trumans bold move in Greece and Turkey. The cost was great, but the cost would have been greater if United States lost. Europe could have turned Communist.Instead, the Berlin Wall and the Soviet Union collapsed. Russia has enacted democratic reforms and a capitalist economy, which is ultimate proof of the success of the Truman Doctrine. (Word Count 148) F. List of Sources Donovan, Robert, The Presidency of Harry Truman 1945-1958 Conflict & Crisis, capital of South Carolina University of Missouri Press, 1977. Goldman, Eric Frederick, The all important(p) Decade and After America, 1945-1960, modernistic York Random House Inc. , 1956. Hamby, Alonzo L, A Life of Harry S. Truman, Man of the People, New York Oxford University Press Inc, 1995. Pemberton, William, Harry S.Truman, Fair Dealer & Cold Warrior, Boston Twayne Publishers, 1989. State Department, thick of Telegrams for Greece, Poland and USSR, 25 February 1947, Truman presidential Museum and Library, 15 April 2003 Truman, Harry S. , Address of the President of the United States Recommendation of Assistance to Greece and Turkey, 12 March 1947 Truman Presidential Museum and Library, 15 April 2003 Truman, Harry S. , Memoirs of Harry S. Truman, vol. 2. Garden City, Time, Inc. 1956. Woelfel, Scott, Interactive Maps, Cold War, CNN Interactive, April 1999 Oct 15, 2005 G. AppendixTruman DoctrineTruman Doctrine Ryan Hauppa A. Plan of Investigation The following questions will be investigated What were the events and decisions that led to the development of the Truman Doctrine? What was its effect on US Foreign Policy and its impact on Greece, Turkey and Europe? Research will be con ducted concerning the Post World War II Treaties as Potsdam, Soviet Union aggression, and the Greek and Turkey Crisis. These events prompted the development of the Truman Doctrine the US foreign policy to contain the spread of Communism.Trumans 1947 Address that introduced the doctrine to the world, his own personal thoughts, and the support and criticism of the policy will be examined. The doctrine will be analyzed as to how it shaped future American policies and programs as the Marshall Plan and led to the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War over forty years later. (Word Count -143) B. Summary of Evidence World War II devastated Europe. Millions of people died. Many of those remaining were starving and in need of food and shelter since the farms and cities of many countries were destroyed.Billions of dollars were spent. Countries were nearly bankrupt. Europe was in economic, social, and political devastation. After the surrender of Germany in 1945, the United States, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union met first at Yalta and later at Potsdam in Germany. They met to resolve war reparations and boundaries of Germany. As part of the agreements, Germany was divided into East and West. The Eastern portion was controlled by the Soviet Union and the West by the United States, United Kingdom, and France. Berlin, the capital, which is inside Eastern Germany, was also divided by the four countries. Pemberton 50) In 1945 and 1946, Stalin, the leader of the Soviet Union, had been taking over new countries including Poland, Hungary, Romania, and Czechoslovakia by establishing governments favorable to him. (CNN Cold War Appendix Maps) The Soviet Union focused next on Greece and Turkey. In February of 1947, Great Britain informed the United States in a State Department Telegram that that they could no longer provide financial aid to the governments of Greece and Turkey since they did not have the money and resources.Both governments were being threate ned by Communist insurgents. (Truman Library Telegram 1) Truman pledged that it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or outside pressures in a Address of the President of the United States in March of 1947. (Truman Address 1) The economic aid program was costly amounting to total of more than $400 million for the two countries to aid the pro-democracy governments and oppose the Communists. The policy was later called the Truman Doctrine.Congress was divided over the program. Democrats wanted to give diplomacy and the newly formed United Nations a chance while Republicans were isolationist and concerned that the program was too costly. Despite a divided Congress, the program was adopted since both eventually were more concerned over the spread of Communism in the region. The Cold War confrontation had begun. The United States and its principles of freedom, capitalism, and democracy were fighting ph ilosophically and economically against Communism and the Soviet Union. Donovan 286) Truman and George Marshall, his Secretary of State, then prepared for even greater aid for the rest of Europe. Their objective was to rebuild Western Europe and prevent a Communism take over of the remaining free nations. The policy was called the Marshall Plan, the European Economic Recovery Program. Over $13 billion in aid was provided in 1947. (Truman Memoirs 111) The Cold War was expanded. Stalin tried to disrupt the United States and its allies in 1948 and 1949 by shutting down access to Berlin.Truman responded by airlifting supplies into the city until access as again. (Pemberton 102) Afterward, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization was formed in 1949 to defend Western Europe militarily against a Soviet invasion as response by the United States in the Cold War. The Soviet Union in turn allied the Eastern European nations under the Warsaw Pact. (Pemberton 104) The Berlin Wall, the symbol of the Cold War, was built in 1961 and later torn down in 1989 after many years of conflict. The Soviet Union ultimately collapsed in 1991. (Word Count 567) C.Evaluation of Sources The most important source in investigating the topic of the Truman Doctrine is President Trumans Memoirs. The actual 1947 Presidential Address Recommending for Assistance to Greece and Turkey and critical government documents as the State Department Telegrams for Greece, Turkey and the USSR are included. Truman gives his own personal viewpoints of what happened while he was President. The researcher can obtain a clear view from the president himself. From his writings, you can tell that Truman was a hard working, tell it like it is man.When he made a decision, he stuck with it and moved on. The decision to proceed with the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan was difficult and not very popular, but Truman did it because he thought it was the right thing to do. The limitation of the source is that it was written b y Truman and may make him look too favorable. The other source most used was the book written by Robert Donovan, The Presidency of Harry Truman 1945-1958 Conflict & Crisis. Mr. Donovan was a journalist at the White House during the Truman presidency.He provided critical firsthand insights into the actual events through his notes and research from the actual participants. His research into the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan was more thorough and comprehensive than most of the other sources used that were cited in the research paper. Mr. Donovan provides an excellent historical perspective of the pros and cons of Trumans and his staffs decisions. The limitation of the source is that the book was written in 1977 so it does not include the perspective after the fall of the Berlin Wall and the end of the Soviet Union and Communism in Europe. Word Count 285) D. Analysis Truman in his Memoirs describes his 1947 Address as follows This was, I believe, the turning point in Americas forei gn policy, which now declared that wherever aggression, direct or indirect, threatened by peace, the security of the United States was involvedAfter I delivered the speech the world reaction proved that this approach had been the right one. Truman went on further to describe in other addresses the alternate ways of lifeOne way is based on the will of the majority, and is distinguished by free institutions, representative government, free elections, guarantees of individual liberty, freedom of speech and religion and freedom from political oppressionThe second way of life is based upon the will of the minority forcibly imposed upon the majority. It relies upon terror and oppression, a controlled press and radio, fixed elections and the suppression of personal freedoms. (106) Truman believes that the United States and its democratic way of life is better then the Soviet Union and its evil oppressive way of life.He wanted to make sure that the world understood his commitment by his str ong language. The Communists should not quickly take over free countries and threaten the United States and its allies. His own divided Congress should beware of the past policies of isolationism and the hope that diplomacy and the United Nations could solve the crisis. The Soviet Union already had taken over the Eastern European countries in violation of the Yalta and Potsdam agreements. The Greece and Turkey crisis was critical to victory in the Cold War. If either Greece or Turkey fell to the Soviet Union, the other would follow.More nations would tumble as a row of falling dominoes extending Soviet domination to Europe, the Middle East oil fields, and Africa. (Hamby 391) (CNN Cold War Appendix Maps) Communism could have spread very quickly worldwide, but it did not. The Truman Doctrine is the epitome of the containment of Communism. (Donovan 284) Greece, Turkey, Europe, and even Russia, the former Soviet Union, are currently free and democratic nations. Europe was in economic, p olitical, and social devastation after World War II. Winston Churchill once declared, What is Europe now?It is a rubble-heap, a charnel house, a breeding ground of pestilence and hate. It was the perfect time for the Soviet Union to support Communism. (Goldman 66) At over $13 billion, it was aid on a much greater scale. The Truman Doctrine prompted the Marshall Plan. Truman in his Memoirs claimed that the plan was developed to do the following (1) Counter increasing pressure of Communist imperialism, and (2) Rebuild Europe. By rebuilding Europe, America would help to establish that healthy economic balance which is essential to the peace of the world. 111) Rebuilding Europe was not only a national security issue but also a national economic issue. At the end of World War II, the United States was a major exporter. (Donovan 287) Without a strong Europe, the United States would likely have had a poor economy for many years because of lack of trade with Europe. Instead, the Truman Doc trine and Marshall Plan led to over fifty years of prosperity for Europe and the United States and the end of the Cold War. (Word Count 534) E. Conclusion With the Truman Doctrine, the United States entered a new era of foreign policy.Great Britain, France, and Germany were no longer the colonial powers. The United States was the most powerful free nation in the world. The balance of power changed. Over the next forty years, the United States and the Soviet Union fought a Cold War for a way of life. The United States spent trillions of dollars, but the spread of Communism in Europe was contained. The result would have never have occurred had it not been for Trumans bold move in Greece and Turkey. The cost was great, but the cost would have been greater if United States lost. Europe could have turned Communist.Instead, the Berlin Wall and the Soviet Union collapsed. Russia has enacted democratic reforms and a capitalist economy, which is ultimate proof of the success of the Truman D octrine. (Word Count 148) F. List of Sources Donovan, Robert, The Presidency of Harry Truman 1945-1958 Conflict & Crisis, Columbia University of Missouri Press, 1977. Goldman, Eric Frederick, The Crucial Decade and After America, 1945-1960, New York Random House Inc. , 1956. Hamby, Alonzo L, A Life of Harry S. Truman, Man of the People, New York Oxford University Press Inc, 1995. Pemberton, William, Harry S.Truman, Fair Dealer & Cold Warrior, Boston Twayne Publishers, 1989. State Department, Summary of Telegrams for Greece, Poland and USSR, 25 February 1947, Truman Presidential Museum and Library, 15 April 2003 Truman, Harry S. , Address of the President of the United States Recommendation of Assistance to Greece and Turkey, 12 March 1947 Truman Presidential Museum and Library, 15 April 2003 Truman, Harry S. , Memoirs of Harry S. Truman, vol. 2. Garden City, Time, Inc. 1956. Woelfel, Scott, Interactive Maps, Cold War, CNN Interactive, April 1999 Oct 15, 2005 G. Appendix