Motivations for Reading Online Blogs

Motivations for Reading Online Blogs1. cosmosComputer mediated communication (CMC) has brought closely a great flip-flop in the way we interact and look for information (Papacharissi and Rubin, 2000). Using the internet, today, physical exercisers bear access to thousands of sources, get information that is presented in a wide pass of formats, and layabout besides interact with people anywhere in the world.With the enlistment of the wise millennium at that place has been a fundamental shift in the way people all over the world communicate raze using the internet. This phenomenal change has occurred with the arrival of the Web 2.0 technology which has enabled change magnitude amount of interaction and comm unity formation. Of all the Web 2.0 applications, one of the close interesting and rising Web 2.0 innovations is we communicates, popularly referred to as intercommunicates.Blogs ar frequently-updated websites by the owner of the site, where multimedia discipline ca n be posted. Blogs form a new genre of computer-mediated communication (Blood, 2002). Blog posts are generally in the reverse chronological put and the older posts can be archived. Readers of communicates can comment, rate, bookmark or link to the blog. Such linking forms an entire ne twainrk of passing connected people (Wilde, 2007). This clustered net prepare of interconnected texts form what is called the blogosphere?. exactly put, the blogosphere comprises of groups of authors of content and their readers/ substance abusers.Blogs are rising in popularity. The total number of blogs in Technorati, a popular blog indexing site had reached a 133 meg mark by 2008, with 900,000 blog posts in 24 hours (Sifry, 2008). With such exponential function growth, in recent times the academia and industry has taken well be keep upd nonice of the medium.Research has been conducted on blog writer and reader motivations and closing behaviour (Huang, wampum Lin, 2008).Studies formulate t hat motivation is a function of natural and extrinsic factors (Guay, Vallerand Blanchard, 2000). Hence one can infer that motivation to use a blog testament change with the type of blog. However, studies nurse not considered blog user motivations in the context of the blog types.Not much(prenominal) donnish question has been by means of in hit the booksing blog readers (Huang, Chou Lin, 2008). This explore is an attempt at developing an instinct of the motivations behind variant of blogs, in relation to different types of blogs. The present depicted object aims at understanding the key takers that motivate blog knowledge among Indians and hence develop a model which clearly brings out the association of these motivating factors with miscellaneous types of blogs. The smorgasbord of blogs leave alone be on the tail end of reader perception. Hence, it is expected that the body of work go forth help developing a consumer-centric classification lineation for blogs. breathing literature in the sphere of blogs indicates that little research has happened in this field. However, of whatever work has been done, about of the research focuses on the blog itself or on the blogger, and very rarely on the blog reader (Huang et al., 2008). This section duologue about the quick body of knowledge on blogs.Huang et al., (2008), urinate suggested a good way of classifying the existing academic research on blogs. They say that previous research of blogs has investigated blog categories, motives for use, or motives for writing. Scholars besides consider readers responses later interlingual rendition blogs, such as trust and interaction? (p. 351). in that location are even studies done on the structural and systems aspects of blogs (Wilde, 2008 Herring, Scheidt, Wright Bonus, 2005 Schmidt, 2007) and blogging benefits (Baker and Moore, 2008).Looking at studies that have gone into the details of blog categories, a lot of work has been done by blog aut hors themselves (Herring, Scheidt, Wright Bonus, 2005). near of the most important ones which are oft-quoted in literature are those of Blood (2002), Krishnamurthy (2002) and Herring et al. (2005), who have all significantly sufferd to the field of classification of blogs.Blood (2002) classified blogs into three types on the primer of their functions as filters, personal journals and notebooks. Krishnamurthy (2002) went on to classify blogs into four types using devil ratios of a blogs orientation personal versus topical and community versus individual. Herring, Scheidt, Wright, and Bonus (2005) use Krishnamurthys categorization and further developed a five-category scheme for classification of blogs on the basis of frequency of updating. Dearstyne (2005) suggests five types of blogs based on their uses. Corry and Mundell (2006) have graveld at a certain blog classification scheme on the basis of the purpose of existence of the blogs. However, all these classifications have either come from content analysis of blogs and do not take the readers view into consideration for classifying. on that point has been a lot of research done on specific genres of blogs. unconnected from analyses of personal blogs, extensive research has been done on journalist blogs (Haas, 2005 Lasica, 2002 Matheson, 2004 Tre mayne, 2006). semipolitical blogs form another interesting topic of reserahc (Bahnisch, 2006 Bruns, 2007 Singer, 2005). A growing area of research is the role of blogs as organizational communication vehicle through corporate blogs (Charman, 2006 Efimova Grudin, 2007 Kaiser, Mller-Seitz, Pereira, Pina, 2007 Kelleher Miller, 2006). Yet another practical use of blogs that is world studied is its use for expert communication and personal knowledge counsel (Ewins, 2005 Halavais, 2006 Walker, 2006) or professionals from other disciplines (Bar-Ilan, 2005).A second set of research work has been done on the blog users in general and their behavioural patterns. numerous researchers have act to look into what are the sundry(a) factors that go into what users of blog do. Bloggers use blogs for several reasons including using it as a personal journal, as a discussion space, as a collection of links, as an thinking center among many others (Figueredo, 2005). It may be inferred that, due to its multifarious uses, there may be numerous motivations, both inseparable and extrinsic, that lead to blog usage (Huang, Shen, Lin Chang, 2007).Baker and Moore (2008) have studied the perception of loving well-being, loving support and social satisfaction of bloggers as against those of non-bloggers. They found that bloggers social integration, trusty alliance and friendship satisfaction increased significantly compared to non-bloggers, suggesting that blogging has beneficial personal effects on social well-being, especially with respect to perceived social support.Trevino (2005) has tried to necessitate the reasons why people are in the blogosphe re concluded that the most important factor motivating peoples presence in the blogosphere is that self-expression. Shen and Chiou (2009) need the aspects that go into blog community formation and the factors which cause an individual to be a part of the blog community. They say that community assignment increases go awayingness to be a part of the community thereby compulsoryly influencing an individuals attitude towards the community to inhabit a member of the community.There is another body of knowledge which discusses the bring out of trust and self-disclosure on blogs (e.g., Qian and Scott, 2007 Ko and Kuo, 2009). Qian and Scott (2007) explore the get evens of anonymity and self-disclosure on blogs. This study concludes that bloggers whose target audience does not include people they know offline handle a higher degree of anonymity than those whose audience does. Ko and Kuo (2009) denounce that self-disclosure of bloggers significantly and directly affects a bloggers perception of social integration, bonding social capital, and bridge social capital, which in turn promote bloggers subjective well-being.?A subset of research on blog users is those on blog writers or bloggers. Some researchers have tried to understand bloggers motivations in great depth (e.g.. Blood, 2002 Blumenthal, 2005 Herring, Scheidt, Wright Bonus, 2005 Lenhart and Fox, 2006 Huang, Shen, Lin Chang, 2007). However, Nardi, Schiano, Gumbrecht and Swartz (2004) analysed this issue in detail. They conducted ethnographic interviews and concluded that bloggers have five fundamental motivations that drive them to blog to document their biography experiences, to provide commentary and opinions, to express profoundly felt emotions, to articulate ideas through writing, and to form and chief(prenominal)tain community forums.Huang, Shen, Lin Chang (2007) conducted an confirmable study which concluded that interaction by blogging is driven by the motivations of self-expression, life documenting, and commenting while on the other hand, content gathering by blogging is found to be driven by the motivations of commenting, forum participation, and information seeking. They in any case went on to say that these motivations drive two types of behaviour interaction-oriented behaviour and information-oriented behaviour.There is also an attempt at understanding self- notification strategies that blog writers adopt (Jung, Youn McClung, 2007). This study shows that the reasons for hosting personal mini-homepages are entertainment and self-expression followed by the professional advancement and passing time. concord to the uses and gratification theory, users are seen as active gratification seekers interacting with the media as debate to passive recipients of media content (Goffman, 1959). Having said this, blog readers are consuming content, and have the choice to read content that they want to at any stipulation point of time. slice all the above mentioned areas o f research lay Brobdingnagian emphasis on the blogger, the blog reader, who forms an important component of the blogosphere, has been sparsely researched on (Huang, Chou Lin, 2008).Huang, Chou Lin (2008) tried to study the fundamental motivators behind reading blogs. This research work has dumbfoundd at a causal relationship of motives with blog reader responses. later on secondary research and alpha research, the authors have employ five distinct motives in their study affective exchange, information search, entertainment, and getting on the bandwagon. The behaviours that the paper proposes are opinion acceptance, interaction intentions, and word-of-mouth (WOM) intentions.While looking at the existing literature on blog user behaviour (both blogger and blog readers), it has been found that most of the blogs are of the personal blogs type. However, researchers have not tried to explore behaviour on the basis of blog type.From the above literature review, it is evident that th ere is a void in the area of research that concerns blog readers as a category of individuals on the blogosphere. Also, there is no work that has tried to bring a readers dimension to classification of blogs. Hence, this study will aim at bringing about a relationship between the motivating factors for reading blogs and the various types of blogs that may eventually emerge from the blog-consumers perspective.3. Problem DefinitionThis research aims to study the various factors that motivate reading of blogs corresponding to the various types of blogs that exist. This is a study that will be conducted among Indian blog readers. 3.1. Research purposesThe key objective of the study is to identify factors affecting blog-reading and try mapping them to the various types of blogs in order to better understand motivators that drive reading through this new medium.This main objective can be achieved through the following objectives.* To identify the various drivers that motivate blog-readin g among Indian* To develop a customer-centric blog classification schema on the basis of these drivers4. Proposed Research Methodology4.1. Research DesignThe research design will largely be a combination of exploratory and descriptive methods. Since the model cannot be built without further exploratory research, the study will have a mix of qualitative and quantitative techniques.The study will be conducted in two stages. The first stage will involve exploratory research which will help arrive at the factors that motivate reading of blogs. The output of this stage of the research, i.e., the list of motivators would be the scuttlebutt for the next stage which would involve quantitative validation of the factors using a semi-structured questionnaire.Stage 1This involves understanding the motivating factors for blog reading in order to make a comprehensive list. This list of factors would be obtained from digest of secondary dataThis involves collecting the list of motivating factor s in existing literature in the area of blog reading and general online reading. uncreated research In-depth interviewsTo determine the various factors that capture blog reading among online users in a manner that facilitates respondents to interact freely while giving the interviewer also the scope to probe deeply.Stage 2This is the point where descriptive research is carried out. This is done to understand the most important motivating factors associated with different classes of blogs. particular research Semi-Structured QuestionnaireThe questionnaire would carry the factors heady at stage 1 which would be rated by the respondents. Administration of the questionnaire to the respondents would be done online.4.2. Proposed Method of AnalysisAfter the questionnaire is administered and the responses, collected, data analysis has to be done in order to arrive at the final model that the research proposes to develop. The following uninflected tools will be used in order to arrive a t the motivational model. Factor AnalysisFactor analysis has been proposed in order to arrive at the most important set of motives for reading blogs after the exploratory research. RegressionThe factors and their relationship with different blog types can be determined through regression.4.3. Universe DefinitionThe following are the specifications of the target group. arcsecond A, BAge 15 30Element Indian young-begetting(prenominal) or female individual having access to internet at home, college or workplace who are readers of blogs.Place India4.4. Sampling StructureThe sampling unit in this case is individuals. The sample design is described separately for the two stages as follows.Stage 1 Qualitative Study Sampling proficiencyPurposive sampling would be used for conducting the depth interview. Sample surfaceThis would be conducted among 9 individuals. Sampling Plan The respondents would be blog readers selected from the metropolis of Ahmedabad. Recruiting will be done on th e basis of respondents frequency of reading blogs. Hence there will be three categories of blog readers with 3 individuals in each category extremely regular, moderately regular and unconventional readers of blogs.Stage 2 Quantitative Study Sampling Technique sweet sand verbena Sampling would be used for administering the questionnaire. Taking the route of references will interpret response. Sample SizeThe proposed sample size for the study will be approximately 200. Depending on the number of variables in the final model, the sample size will undergo change. Sampling PlanThe geographic dispersion will be taken care of at the stage of online administration of the questionnaire to grievance for the four major zones (North, South, East West) of India.5. Expected ContributionSo far, research has seen blogs mainly from the blog writers perspective. There is almost a dearth of academic research in the about blog readers. This research will contribute to bridging this gap in knowled ge.Existing research talks about blog reading motivations without taking blog types into consideration. By taking blog types also into account, this research adds a very important dimension to the existing knowledge.There has been no published, academic research done on blogging behaviour in India. Being specific to Indian blog-readers, the will add to the Indian academic body of knowledge.Last but not the least, understanding the key factors that influence blog reading specific genres of blogs can help content producers curve their blogs in a manner which appeals most to their readers. This finding will go a long way in helping brand managers in tailoring blog-based communication for their brands to engage their audiences.ReferencesBaker, J. R., Moore, S. M. (2008). Bloggingas a Social Tool A Psychosocial Examination of the Effects ofBlogging. CyberPsychology Behavior, mint 11, Issue 6, 747- 749.Bar-Ilan, J. (2005). culture hub blogs. Journal of development Science, 31, 297-3 07.Blood, R. (2002). The weblog handbook Practical advice on creating and maintaining your blog. Cambridge, MA Perseus.Blumenthal, M. M. (2005). Toward an Open-Source Methodology What prat We Learn from the Blogsphere. national Opinion Quarterly, Volumer 69, Issue 5, 655-68.Bruns, A. (2007). Methodologies for mapping the political blogosphere An exploration using the IssueCrawler research tool. First Monday, 12 (5). Retrieved September 21, 2007 from http//firstmonday.org/issues/issue12_5/bruns/index.htmlCharman, S. (2006). Blogs in line of reasoning Using blogs behind the firewall. In A. Bruns J. Jacobs (Eds.), Uses of Blogs (pp. 57-68). New York bastard Lang.Corry, W. and Mundell, J. (2006). Demystifying blogs Embracing objective communication. Paper presented at the Marketing Research Society Annual group, n.p.Dearstyne, B. W. (2005). Blogs The new information revolution? Information Management journal, Volume 39, 3, 38-44.Efimova, L., Grudin, J. (2007). Crossing boundaries A case study of employee blogging. Proceedings of the Fortieth Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS-40). Los Alamitos IEEE Press.Ewins, R. (2005). Who are you? Weblogs and academic identity. E-Learning, 2, 368-377.Figueredo, P. (2005). Blogs and Blog advert pain Online Marketing, or a Waste of Money? Target Marketing, Volume 28, 37.Goffman, E. (1959). The presentation of self in everyday life. Garden City, NY Doubleday.Guay, F., Vallerand, R. J. Blanchard, C. (2000). On the assessment of situational intrinsic and extrinsic motivation The situational motivation scale (SIMS). Motivation and Emotion, Vol. 24, No. 3, 175-213.Haas, T. (2005). From Public Journalism to the Publics Journalism? Rhetoric and reality in the discourse on weblogs. Journalism Studies, 6(3), 387-396.Halavais, A. (2006). Scholarly blogging Moving towards the visible college. In A. Bruns J. Jacobs (Eds.), Uses of Blogs (pp. 117-126). New York Peter Lang.Herring, S.C., Sche idt, L.A., Wright, E. Bonus, S. (2005). Weblogs as a bridging genre. Information Technology People, 18, 2, 142-171.Huang, L., Chou, Y. Lin, C. (2008). The influence of reading motives in the responses after reading blogs. CyberPsychology Behaviour, Volume 11, 351 355.Huang, L., Shen, Y., Lin, C Chang, S. (2007). Bloggers Motivations and Behaviors A Model. Journal of Advertising Research, Volume 47, 472 484.Jung, T., Youn, M. A., and McClung, S. (2007). Motivations and self-presentation strategies on Korean-based Cyworld? weblog format personal homepages. CyberPsychology Behavior, Volume 10, name 1, 24-31. Kaiser, S., Mller-Seitz, G., Pereira Lopes, M., Pina e Cunha, M. (2007). Weblog- technology as a trigger to elicit fad for knowledge. Organization, 14, 391- 412.Kaye, B. K. (2005). Its a blog, blog, blog, blog world. School of Journalism Electronic Media, Volume 13, 73-95. Kelleher, T., Miller, B. M. (2006). organizational blogs and the human voice Relational strategies and relational outcomes. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 11 (2), article 1. Retrieved September 13, 2009 from http//jcmc.indiana.edu/vol11/issue2/kelleher.htmlKo, H., Kuo, F. (2009). CanBloggingEnhance Subjective Well-Being Through Self- Disclosure? CyberPsychology Behavior, Volume 12, Number 1, 75-79.Krishnamurthy, S. (2002). The multidimensionality of blog conversations The virtual enactment of September 11. Internet Research 3.0, n.p.Lasica, J. D. (2002). Blogging as a form of journalism. In R. Blood (ed.), Weve Got Blog. How Weblogsare Changing Our Culture (pp. 163-170). Cambridge Perseus.Lenhart, A. and Fox, S. (2006, July). Bloggers A Portrait of the Internets New Storytellers. Pew Internet American Life Report, URL http//www.pewinternet.org/pdfs/ whisk%20Bloggers%20Report%20July%2019 %202006.pdf.Li, D. (2007).why Do You Blog A Uses-and-Gratifications Inquiry Into Bloggers Motivations. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Communication Association, TBA, San Francisco, http//www.allacademic.com/meta/p171490_index.html.Matheson, D. (2004). Weblogs and the epistemology of the news Some trends in online journalism.New Media Society, 6, 443-468.Miller, C. R., Shepherd, D. (2004). Blogging as social action a genre analysis of the weblog. Into the blogosphere. http//blog.lib.umn.edu/blogosphere/ (accessed Nov 18, 2009).Nardi, B. A., Schiano, D. J,, Gumbrecht M., and Swart L. (2004). Why we blog. Communications of the ACM, Volume 47, 41-46.Papacharissi, Z., Rubin, A.M. (2000). Predictors of Internet use. Journal of Broadcasting Electronic Media Volume 44, 175-196.Qian, H., Scott, C. R. (2007). Anonymity and self-disclosure on weblogs. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, Volume 12, Issue 4, Article 14. http//jcmc.indiana.edu/vol12/issue4/qian.html.Schmidt, J. (2007). Blogging practices An analytical framework. 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New York Peter Lang.Wilde, E. (2008). Deconstructing blogs. Online Information Review, Volume 32,Issue 3, 401 414.

A Study Of Food And Culture

A Study Of nutriment And CultureINTRODUCTIONThis assignment is essenti eithery based on gastronomy. In this assignment we need to discuss further to the highest degree gastronomy and its influences much(prenominal) as h swallow uphen, science sustainability and how they are influences buy gastronomy. How gastronomy is related with culture, shipping religion and many more(prenominal) things.MAIN BODYDEFINITIONGastronomy is the report of sustenance and culture, with a p guileicular focus on gourmet cuisine. modern gastronomy has its roots in several French texts published in the 1800s, nevertheless the idea of relating regimen, science, society, and the inventions has been around much longer. True gastronomy is a demanding multidisciplinary art examining fodder itself along with its context, presentation, freshness, and history. While commonly associated with gourmets and gluttony, gastronomy is actually its own discipline, although some(a) gourmets are certain(p)ly ga stronomes, as are some gluttons.The principle of gastronomy is that solid viands is a science, in addition to an art form. By go throughing how all of the senses contri stille to an experience, a gastronome arsehole more completely understand what is happening when a consumer claims to dislike or enjoy a detail regimen item. Gastronomy as easy as examines the sociological implications of viands, along with integrating divergent affable science disciplines such(prenominal) as anthropology, psychology, and philosophy. The section of food in the check arts such as performance art, painting, and sculpture is alike examined, as spot of a closer look at the role of food in society in general.http//www.wisegeek.com/what-is-gastronomy.htmINFLUENCE ON NATIONAL feed civilisationPeople mostly connect to their cultural or pagan group through food patterns. For Immigrants food forthwith become the mode of retaining their cultural identity. Each and every individual shed di stinguishable cultural backgrounds and suck up unlike eat habits. The ingredients, methods of eagerness, preservation techniques, and types of food eaten at different meals are different among cultures. The areas and the climate factors in which families live- and geographical location where their ancestors originated withal influence food likes and dislikes. These food preferences result in varieties of food choices inside a different cultural or regional group.Food items themselves have meaning and some cultural identity given to them. For example in many Western countries a box of chocolates would be viewed as an enamor gift while in another(prenominal) countries chocolates might be a less appropriate gift.Different nations or countries are frequently associated with certain foods. For example, many quite a little associate Italy with pizza and pasta but Italians eat many other foods, and types of pasta dishes are general throughout Italy. Methods of preparation and type s of food besides vary by regions and culture of a nation. most families in the United States prefer to eat aggregate and potatoes, but in some families meat and potatoes are non eaten on a official basis, nor even preferred, by many in the United States, so would not be labelled as a national cuisine. Grits, a coarsely ground corn that is boiled, is eaten in the southern United States. A packet boat of grits is only available in the largest supermarkets in the upper shopping center west and its difficult to find even in large Midwestern supermarkets a long time ago. This may be called as the geographical effect.regional food habits likewise exist in nations and countries but they also revision by time. As muckle travel from step to the fore to smear food habits and preferences are change and exported. Families move to other nations, countries or places bringing their food preferences with them. They follow their h whizst-to-god recipes with juvenile ingredients ava ilable at different places or experiment with new recipes, incorporating ingredients to match their own perceptivenesss. In addition, food itself is imported from other countries.Nevertheless, what is considered edible or even a delicacy in some parts of the universe of discourse might be considered inedible in other parts. Although most of the multiplication food is selected with some attention to physiological need, the values or beliefs by which society attaches to potential food items and cook what families within a cultural group will eat. For example, two base and animal sources may contribute to meeting nutritional requirements for protein soybeans, beef, horsemeat, and dog meat are all adequate protein sources. Yet, due to the some values and beliefs attached to these protein sources, they are not considered in all societies. Moreover, even when the foods perceived to be undesirable are available, they are not eaten by people who have a strong emotional reaction once mo rest those potential food item.CULTURE AND RELIGIONTypes and food associated to British culture British cuisine encompasses the cookery traditions of the British Isles. It reflects the cultural influence of the colonial era as well as post-war immigrations. British cuisine boasts of a rich miscellany of exalted dishes from its different regions. Staple foods include chicken, beef, pork, lamb and fish, served with potatoes and other vegetables. The most popular dishes are fish and chips, sandwiches, trifles, pies and roastAs the result of both globalization and global environmental qualify food systems face dramatic transformations. falsify in global environment influence the physical and socioeconomic conditions that indorse terrestrial and marine food systems., Globalization is also responsible for transforming the take and storage of food, , access to and consumption of food, and the quality and safety measures associated with food and eating habits. Both processes also ha ve direct effects on country ware, livelihoods, and the rural economies as well. More all measurable(predicate), both processes can take place at the same time and interacting to take in dynamic conditions that influence picture to both rapid and gradual environmental changes.Global environmental change affects food systems by various means such as, the loss of successful farmland, loss of biodiversity, and changing climate conditions, including increase in number of original climatic events such as droughts and floods. Globalization-related changes also include liberalization of trade in agriculture products which also spreads the eating and buying habits from different culture, and supports for agricultural production, expansion of the role of multinational corporations and supermarkets in food production and distribution, it also results in shifts toward urban and industrial land uses.Food is also considered an important part of sacred observance and spiritual ritual of many faiths including Christianity, Judaism, Islam, Hinduism and Buddhism. The role and importance of food in cultural practices and religious beliefs is complex and varies among different communities. Any introduction to such a diversified and complex melodic theme will not be able to explain each and everything. here(predicate) are some examples of some styles in which various religious groups considered food a resilient part of their faith. Understanding the role of food in cultural and religious practice is an important part of exhibit respect and responding to needs of people from a regulate of religious communities. This appreciation towards different food culture also helps in increasing art of food, adding dishes from different visiting cards and also helps in increasing revenues from tourist from different cultures and traditions. However, it is important to not to grow any assumptions about persons culture and beliefs. The various faiths of Christianity include Ro man Catholic, Orthodox and Protestant.SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGYIn this competitive and new era chefs (the main body of kitchen) are sometimes blamed of spell their kitchens very similar into scientific laboratories, in that respects no doubt that when they heat a piece of meat in the kitchen the reaction that takes place is a chemic reaction as in science labs. Science and cooking both are processes that have some rules and methods to follow and also go hand-in-hand, now more than ever before.The relation between science and cuisine is slide fastener new we have several examples of this relation in past days as well. Studies such as chemistry, physics, biology and botany have evermore been closely related to cooking and also prove their existence in various verges. The terms molecular gastronomy and molecular cuisine become the topics of debates from a long time and the existence of science-based cuisine is also a disputable issue. To know about these terms in detail or to make the practical existence of such terms we need to consider or follow the approach adopted by chefs trained for such types of kitchens and other experts who want to know why things happen and have knowledge for their chemic reactions and which reaction is useful which is not. These types of kitchens and terms such as molecular gastronomy or cuisine will be no longer the topic of debates if they outflow under the guidance of their experts.Technology has dramatically improved and reshaped every part of our lives including kitchen standards as well. It doesnt left any aspect of our existence untouched. It also revolutionized the way we work, entertain ourselves and even change the concept of our eating and cooking patterns.The food industry has increasingly develop and modernized by adopting more move on and latest technologies that can help us in bringing healthier, undecomposed and more varieties of food. In this modern era, the marketplace offers a vast variety of foods influenc ed by different people and cultures and we have a capacious range to choose from, at a better quality and lower prices than in the past.With the introduction of new technologies and processes businesses can offer better products and services to the consumers in increasingly larger quantities and thus, satisfy a wider range of market. The same phenomenon flora for the companies in the food industry.The expression nouvelle cuisine has been used several times in the course of the history of cooking, particularly in France in the middle of the eighteenth century. It was introduced to subordinate the practice of cooking to principles of chemistry that were to be materialized by Lavoisier later on. People had cocked feelings about it for instance, Voltaire wrote I essential say that my stomach does not at all agree with the nouvelle cuisine. straight off nouvelle cuisine refers to a shorten of opinion that appeared in France in the 1960s. At the time, it caught on rapidly and was a great international success. Yet, as it got complicated up in its contradiction, it stopped being fashionable, and nowadays it has a minus connotation. In spite of that, it was an innovative and quite important movement, which brought about a revolution within the Grande cuisine whose lessons are still present in the grand chefs minds.http//www.enotes.com/nouvelle-cuisine-reference/nouvelle-cuisineLIFESTYLE, MEDIA AND INDIVIDUALSToday is the age of media media is now become the backbone of every society and has a vital role in every field of study including kitchens as well. The universe of food-related blogs in particular is vast. It is estimated that there are at least 33,000 such blogs out there in cyberspace, but no one can give an exact or even near(a) number of such blogs this is one of the new and the widely using trend of the media. Some of the examples of Social networking sites such as Twitter, Facebook, Stumble Upon and Blog Her reserve valuable means for bloggers t o connect with each other and share their subject field and views about different food ,ingredients ,recipes and methods , while food-specific communities such as Food Buzz (and countless others) offer even more targeted networking. Add to these mix sites where users can post their reviews of restaurants, food shops and markets, such as Yelp, Chowhound and Trip advisor and it becomes clear that the media space related to gastronomy is very wide and virtually endless. In addition means of television also caprioles a very vital role there are many TV channels that air many cookery expresss, travel guides and also provide information about different gastronomies. Media makes easy to travel with full information about the place to be visited.GEOGRAPHY AND TRANSPORTATIONAs long as there has been food in existence, there has been gastronomy in some form or another. Questions regarding our eating habits have always been around How can we add taste and make our food special? Which ingre dients provide the best boost of zilch? What types of foods have healing properties in them and how can we cultivate them to get more of it? Later on, cuisine became more specialized, and cooking books and apprenticeships are also developed to provide instruction on the preparation of different kinds of food.However, it wasnt until the 1800s that gastronomy started to develop as an actual field of study. Instead of simply learning how to make food, people began to focus on how dining could be an experience-how the senses interacted in order to create a whole meal to be enjoyed.Gastronomy is such a wide concept that no country can be away from its influence. there are many countries in which the influence of gastronomy and its related terms such as molecular gastronomy can be clearly seen. The main countries influenced by gastronomy are Spain, Italy, Germany, Switzerland, France, Belgium and many other European countries.The history and popularity of Indian food in Britain is now a lmost four hundred years old and it has not only affected the cuisine but also a great change in the United Kingdom but also in its native land. In this field of food the reports of occasional explorers play a great role but the story really starts with the arrival in Surat of the English merchants of the East India Company in 1608 and then again and more successfully in 1612.As with the explorers or merchants the influence of the British in India grew, so did the popularity of Indian food back in Britain, booster cable to the publishing of recipes and Indian ingredients and the creation of curry powder at commercialized level in 1780? The introduction of curry on a menu was at the Coffee sign in Norris Street, Haymarket, London in 1773 but the first establishment dedicated to Indian cuisine was the Hindostanee Coffee House at 34 George Street, Portman Square, London in 1809 as recorded in The Epicures Almanack. It was opened by Dean Mahomet (or Mohamed/Mahomed) (See article) fr om Patna, Bihar, India, via Cork in Ireland. He apprehended the all Indian things and also offered a house for the Nobility and nobility where they might enjoy the Hookha with real Chilm tobacco and Indian dishes of the highest perfection with real Indian taste. He also considered the Indian chefs for the real Indian taste.http//www.menumagazine.co.uk/book/restauranthistory.htmlAs per UK gastronomy the growth of fast food is increasing day by day like people like fish and chips, burgers, KFC and many other fast food brands rather than having the proper meal. In which the quantity of vegetarian people is very less.As per the data and research people prefer thoroughgoing food rather than other normal food. They are more witting about healthy eating.The objective of food garnishing is, usually, to portray or to show the inherent beauty of food. And, just as when you are preparing food for eating, garnishing is one of the easiest and the important way of enhancing a dish for the camer a. A garnish should be chosen very carefully, so that garnish can add just the right splash of colour in the dish, textural detail and/or visor which really lifts the final image of the food. Some foods, such as mousses and soups can sometimes be difficult to capture their effect because of their flat and monotonic surfaces. Adding a right and appropriate garnish makes it more attractive and also captures the eye of the customers.Sustainable agriculture as a means of the local anaesthetic anesthetic farming is the practice of farming using principles of ecology, the study of relationships between organisms and their local environment. It has been defined as an integrated process of plant and animal production practices having a site-specific application that will remain over the long term in other words it is farming with inbred resources. Conservation of essential resources is the main aim of this practice.This practice helps in satisfying human food and fibre needs of the peo ple by natural way.Also helps in enhancing the environmental quality by understanding ecology system.It also proves advantageous in making the most efficient and appropriate use of non-renewable resources and integrate, natural biological cycles and controls.Enhance the quality of life for farmers and society as a whole by providing various agriculture related benefits and also helps in minimising the farming related expenses.CONCLUSIONAt the end of the assignment generator would like to conclude gastronomy plays a vital role in the hospitality industry. Art and science of food is appreciated all over the world and is also considered as value added equipment for the hotel industry.Gastronomy is influence by many factors such as culture, beliefs science, media and many more. It is one of the emerging trends of each and every country. It is also used as a tool to attract tourist from different parts of the world. Gastronomy proves itself as a revenue generating tool for hospitality industry.

Self Reflection on Communication Skills | Essay

Self Reflection on conversation Skills Essay entrywayThe desire to waste an recording of the methods to use in improving human alliances has guide to the emergence of social colloquy. People usually assume that to effectively netherstand the performance of social communication, they have to give an explanation of how relationships emerge and grow, factors that top out to their deterioration, and what nets these relationships to become static (Webster, 2002). Ever since scholars managed to demonstrate that people argon qualified to grow relationally or personally through communication, information experts are huffy on the grandeur of interpersonal interaction. It is more or less impotential to understand this process of interpersonal communication, without understanding the various theories and principles formed to let off the concept of interpersonal communication (Cherniss, 2001).Most of these theoretical theoretical accounts normally care for a wide-eyed ran ge of topics, and some of themes they address include, social conflict, quality of relationship, interaction, communication competence and planning, accuracy required for people to understand one a nonher. Therefore, the intention of this assignment is to compare dickens theoretical exemplars that are within the scope of interpersonal communication. These theories are, social perspicacity theory, and scruple reduction theory (Ellis, 2002)s. This paper is shared out into five portions. The first section is the introduction, the second section highlights the concepts and philosophies of these theories, the third section identifies the similarities of these two theoretical frameworks, the fourth section highlights their differences, and the fifth section is a conclusion. The conclusion is a summary of the study points highlighted in this paper.Uncertainty drop-off Theory and Social Penetration TheoryUncertainty reduction is a theoretical framework that seeks to understand the manner which people are able to reduce any perplexity that occurs amid them, during the early stages of interaction. This is incessantly base on a sense of self-disclosure. Furthermore, this theoretical framework seeks to explain the different communication techniques that can be used for purposes of reducing uncertainty amongst two people, or a group of people, who have just met (Cherniss, 2001). The larners of this theoretical framework denoted that uncertainty is always unpleasant feeling that people normally motive to avoid. For purposes of reducing this unpleasant feeling, people would try to look for information that seeks to address this uncertain feeling, hence create a more comfortable feeling.On the other hand, social acuteness theory normally involves the development of a deeper intimacy, between the communication parties, through a mutual self-disclosure. This theoretical framework has four study assumptions, and they include (Goleman and Boyatzis, 2004),The progress of relationships normally moves from non-intimate level, to the stage of intimacy. phylogenesis of relationships is systematic and predictable.The aspect of self-disclosure forms an integral part, in developing relationships.The development of relationships normally includes depenetration and dissolution.It is important to explain that the closeness between individuals under the social penetration theory is normally maked through a sense of self disclosure. Without this aspect, it is virtually impossible for any relationship to occur. This is also one of the methods advocated by the uncertainty reduction theory, aimed at reducing uncertainties, and a feeling of uneasiness.SimilaritiesOne of the major similarities between these two theoretical frameworks is that they deal with the groundwork of a relationship between individuals or people. For modelling, the social penetration theory explains that developing a close relationship with people, is achieved in an orderly an d gradual manner, leading from a less intimate, to a more intimate relationship. On the other hand, uncertainty reduction theory explains that relationships are built through effective communication, between the parties gnarly (Blundel and Blundel, 2011). This means that the two theoretical frameworks are concerned with the creation and sustenance of relationships. other similarity is that both theoretical frameworks advocate for a systematic and gradual process of building relationships. This means that a relationship is built through a systematic process that involves efficiency in the use of language tools and standards. For example, the two theories denote that it is possible to achieve and develop a close relationship through the process of self-disclosure (McLuhan and McLuhan, 2011).DifferencesOne major difference that exists between these two theoretical frameworks is on the process they use, to achieve their objectives. Under the uncertainty reduction theory, there are a se rial publication of steps and processes that an individual should use, for purposes of acquiring information. It seeks to acquire this information, by creating seven canonical assumptions (Childre and Rozman, 2005). Some of these assumptions are, experience of uncertainty on personal trim downs, uncertainty is normally an aversive state, and it has the capability of generating cognitive stress, etc. On the other hand, under the social penetration theory, a relationship is created by disclosing information about an individual.Tools to use in improving my performanceFor purposes of improving my communication performance, in a work related situation, there is a need of using the following tools of communication,Memos.Computer systems and technology, i.e. communicating through emails.Mobile phones and gadgets.Face to looking communication.ConclusionInterpersonal theories gather an important role, in explaining the some efficient methods that an individual should use plot of lan d communicating with other people. The social penetration theory and the uncertainty reduction theory are effective in explaining the most efficient methods of creating a personal, social, and work related relationships.Reflection pieceThis paper contains a reflection on my mediums and weaknesses in relation to how I proclaim, and relate with my friends, family members, and colleagues. As an individual, I have come to appreciate the importance of developing and coming up with strong and good communication skills. This is because they would play an important role in determining whether I would sustain, create or develop a relationship. One of my major strengths lies in my ability to concur a face to face conversation, through eye meetings (Worth, 2004). This is an important strength, generally because I have the capability of gazing into the eyes of an individual that I overstep with, and hence instilling a sense of confidence, and creating some trusts. For efficient communica tion to occur, the parties to the communication must show some elements of confidence, and trust, amongst one another. Eye contact is one of the major methods that can be used to create a sense of confidence, amongst the parties to the communication. It is important to explain that most people are always reluctant and unable to preserve some eye contacts.This is because they do not feel confidence about themselves, or some of them, are say lies. Based on this fact, it is always difficult for an individual to maintain a relationship that is full of trust, if he or she finds it difficult to impart while maintaining some eye contacts. It is also important to understand that, in most interviews, one of the characteristics that they look in an individual is his or her ability to maintain some elements of confidence (Worth, 2004). They are always concerned, if an individual can communicate without maintaining some eye contact. This means that the person under consideration is all tell ing lies, or is not confidence of him. Based on this fact, the campaigner may fail an interview. Therefore, I would gladly say, that this trait, is one of my stronger points.Another major strength, that I have, is the capability of efficiently using the modern gadgets of technology to communicate (Worth, 2004). This includes, computers, mobile phones, tablets, etc. It is important to explain that these digital tools of communication are important in facilitating efficient communication between parties involved. Take for example the computers. Through the computers, an individual manages to get the capability of accessing the internet. The internet facilitates communication, mainly because it makes it possible for people to use the social media, as an avenue of meeting friends and communicating (Worth, 2004). As an individual, I have a heavy presence in the social media, and I am a member of virtually each social media platforms that exists. This includes twitter, Google +, Face boo k, Instagram, Linkedin, etc. These social media platforms normally help me to designate myself, and to also create a network of friends.It is through these platforms, that I managed to convey on the importance of having efficient and good communication skills. However, it is important to explain that some of the relationships created through the social media platform are not necessary, and cannot ratiocination long (Stein, 2007). This is because of different personalities, and tastes that people would always have. Another major strength that I possess is my outgoing personality. I am an individual who likes to make friends, and sustain the friends under consideration. Because of this personality, I managed to develop some communication skills that involved better listening, and following up on any communication issue or problems that may occur between my friends and I. Through this personality, I have managed to create a number of friends, whom we understand each other.In conclus ion, where strengths exist, weaknesses are also depicted. I have two weaknesses. One of my major weaknesses is my anger. I am an individual who is easily aroused to anger, and this is a very oppose inter-personal communication skill. This is because it has the capability of scaring my friends. This could result to inefficient communication between me, and my friends. Another major weakness is my talking habit. I am fast talkers, and it is always difficult for me to pass off quiet, when I am with people. This normally compromises my ability to keep secrets, or confidential information. Despite these weaknesses, I normally make some efforts, aimed at concentrating on my strengths, while minimizing my weaknesses.BibliographyBlundel, R., Blundel, R. (2004). Effective organisational communicationPerspectives, principles and practices (2nd ed.). Harlow, England Financial times Prentice Hall.Cherniss, C. (2001). The steamyly intelligent workplace how to select for measure,and improve ruttish intelligence in individuals, groups, and organizations.San Francisco Jossey-Bass.Childre, D., Rozman, D. (2005). Transforming stress The HeartMath solution forrelieving worry, fatigue, and tension. Oakland, CA New anticipate Publications.Ellis, R. (2002). Communication skills stepladders to success for the professional.Bristol, UK Intellect.Goleman, D., Boyatzis, R. (2004). Primal leadership Learning to lead with emotionalintelligence. Boston, Mass. Harvard Business School Press.McLuhan, E., McLuhan, M. (2011). Theories of communication. New York PeterLang.Stein, S. (2007). Make your workplace peachy the 7 keys to an emotionally intelligentorganization. Mississauga, Ont. J. Wiley Sons Canada.Webster, F. (2002). Theories of the information society (2nd ed.). London Routledge.Worth, R. (2004). Communication skills (2nd ed.). New York Ferguson.

An Overview Of Learning Three Theoretical Perspectives Education Essay

An Overview Of Learning Three Theoretical Perspectives raising Essay at that place be myriad posts on the projecting process, brain the mechanisms of and our judgment of discipline as conjecture and the practical application of methodological analysis has evolved considerably oer time. Each theory contributes to our understanding of how students integrate entropy and invites from their environment. This has implications for individual growth and also for institutional policy and practice.In this writing I will review three theoretical perspectives on nurture, that is to say the Constructivist/Cognitivist perspective, the Phenomenographic perspective, and the Socio- pagan perspective, I will attract the salient feature of speechs and characteristics of distributively theory, and comp are the similarities and differences across perspectives. This will include a discussion of how savants access information, make soul of that information, and act on it in deliberate and purposeful ways as a means of engaging with the world.From there I will check up on what these acquisition theories emphasize or give relevance to the concepts of screen background, kernel, and bang. The versatile perspectives each clear something to say about the relationship between context, meaning, and buzz off as they relate to erudition, however the importance of these nerve centre concepts differs in how each theory abstractizes learn, and the importance of the role of context, meaning, and experience.Finally , I will conclude with examples that meet these perspectives to life in my everyday experience, and I will bind these theories together in spite of appearance a cohesive understanding of learnedness and education as it relates to the interrelationship of the concepts of intrinsic pauperism, adaptation, and transfer.Three theoretical perspectives on learningThere are numerous theories of learning, each emphasizing a particular feature of the learni ng experience. Various theories of learning also describe learning in different ways depending on the viewpoint of the observer. Each theory emphasizes ideas cogitate to context, meaning, and experience in different ways as they relate to learning, twain from the perspective of the learner and from the instructor/teacher/coach/mentor.Constructivist/Cognitivist Perspective objectiveness is the delusion that observations could bemade without an observer (von Foerster, 1995, pg. 5)The Constructivist theoretical orientation holds that friendship is acquired existentially, is mediated by our prior understanding, and is based on the belief that we learn by doing rather than observing, and that association is built upon previous learning. The essential core of constructivism is that learners actively construct their own friendship and meaning from their experiences (Doolittle, pg 1)Piaget was primarily bear on with cognitive constructions that occurred as a result of interactions wit hConstructivism emerged from early studies of learning, behaviour, and psychoanalysis, and the behavioural viewpoints of Watson, along with Kohler and Koffkas Gestalt psychological science. (Tools pg. 7) Constructivism as theoretical understanding exists along a continuum from weak to knock-down(prenominal) forms constructivism This is an adaptive process whereby behaviours evolve to meet the changing demands of the environment, and cognition serves to makes experience of essential experience. (Doolittle, 1999, 1)Constructivism emerged from schools of behaviourism and objectivism, which held that there was a knowable objective mankind that existed autarkic of the individual. Constructivism takes the view that pregnant personal experience is the basis of fellowship and learning. Individuals construct meaning within a context of personal experience that is root in language, culture, and the societal experiences of each individual. There can be no objectively verifiable truth or fellowship within constructivism, as each individual brings a unique perspective grounded in their own previous penetrating. Much of this knowledge is tacit and resides in the unexpressed memory of the learner, but it exerts its influence and acts as a filter finished which the individual watchs new information and relates it to their understanding of the world. experience and thus learning is constructed within the mind of the individual.Constructivism rejects the t unitary of an objective and knowable reality independent of the observer, and holds that knowledge of the world is constructed through the active cognitizing on the part of individuals. Constructivism rejects the notion of an oberver-independent world in favour of knowledge reflecting the subjective realities of the observer. (Glaserfeld, 1989, p. 3) Knowledge is not a representation of reality, but instead a collection of conceptual social organisations that turn out to be adapted or, as I would way, operab le within the knowing subjects range of experience. (Glaserfeld, 1989, p. 4)Within cognitive constructivism ( account of scheme theory, accomodation, assimilation). Cognitive constructivism adheres to models of knowledge construction that consider the role of memory, cognitive constructs, and schemas without considering fully the subjective nature of knowledge as resident within the mind of the subject. Knowledge in this maven implies an internal representation that accurately reflects an observer-independent external reality. (Doolittle, 1999, 2) pedestal constructivism differs from cognitive constructivism by advancing the idea that learning is an adaptive process, and that it is observer-dependent and resides in a fluid and dynamic cognition that considers the subjective experience of knowledge construction. Radical constructivism, like social constructivism, also accepts social interactions as ratting knowledge construction.Social constructivism takes the view that social inter actions contribute to knowing, and views the social and cultural context as anchoring knowledge to a specific time and place. (doolittle pg 4)These various perspectives exist on a continuum, however the well-nigh fundamental understandings are shared.We all hold memories of previous experiences those collected memories and experiences, both tacit and explicit, find the lens through which we view our up-to-the-minute string outing reality. Emerging inference within the realm of neuroscience and interpersonal neurobiology may predict just homogenisation of constructivist philosophy and understanding. Interpersonal neurobiology views the brain as a social organ built through experience. This insight shifts Cognitive Constructivism further along the continuum in the direction of radical and social constructivism by lending supporting order to the two remaining epistemological tenets, namely that cognition organizes and makes sense of aces experience, and that knowing has roots in both biological/neurological construction, and social, cultural, and language-based interactions. (Doolittle, 1999) Learning is transactional, with experience influencing cognitive construction and the pliable cognitive constructions influencing our experience in a duality of experience and subjective reality. As Carr states, the growing body of designate makes clear that the memory inside our heads is the product of an extraordinarily complex innate process that is, at every instant, exquisitely tuned to the unique environment in which each of us lives and the unique patterns of experiences that each of us goes through. (Carr, 2010, p. )Carr recounts some of the current interrogation on memory and experience, and expands on the idea that our brain structure continuously changes with experience brain plasticity, the growing and pruning of synaptic connections over time, changes our very memories and our recollections of experience based on new experiences. (Carr, 2010, p. 190 ) exploreer Kobi Rosenblum further describes how memory, which in a sense is our recalled experience, can be a pliable and moving target. As he explains, ..the human brain continues to process information long after it is received, and the quality of memories depends on how the information is processed. (Carr, 2010, p. 191) heart and soul within Cognitivist/Constructivist PerspectiveMeaning as significance for each perspective, but it is underlying to an understanding of constructivism. Meaning is central to the intentionality of learners relevance and meaning enhance a learners ability to relate with their world. It also relates to concepts of motivation as it relates to a learners sense of agency and engagement with their experience, ad it highlights the importance of culture and language as social mediators of learning The importance of these memory mechanisms to the development of cognitive psychology is that, once understood, they make it very clear that a persons ability to cogitate items is improved if the items are meaningfully cerebrate to each other or to the persons existing knowledge. The cite word here is meaningful.Wynn pg.4 What is meaningful to people is headstrong by what they can remember of what they have already learned. Wynn pg 4Opportunities for learning within a constructivist framework occur most readily when what is being learned has relevance or high emotional valence for the learner in other words when information or experiences are meaningful. In order for learning to be meaningful it should be relatable to previous knowledge and experience. This building-block model of knowledge and experience is entirely consistent with a learner as meaning-maker.The implications for teaching and educational pedagogy are that tasks that have meaning and relevance tend to be of greater intrinsic interest to learners. Research on the experience of learning speaks to the importance of meaning as it relates to knowledge construction, and speaks of the importance of autonomy, agency, choice, and collaboration in driving our instrinsic motivational desires to engage in meaningful tasks, remember and recall information, self-organize, and be curious. A learning context rich in meaning is crucial.Context within Cognitivist/Constructivist PerspectivesLearning occurs most successfully at the intersection of a learners previous knowledge of the world and the experience of socially mediated interactions with others, and is influenced by all accumulated social and cultural experiences. (Bodrova Leong, 2007, p. 9) The context for learning resides within the experience and imagination of the learner, and is rooted in prior experience and is mediated by teachers/facilitators and the ecological setting or context.Within this learning context, Feuerstein describes the role of mediation. The mediator take a leaks in a person an approach, a form of reference, a desire to understand phenomena, a need to find order in them, to understand the order that is revealed, and to create it for oneself. (Feuerstein, Feuerstein, Falik, 2010, p. 37) Mediators can take many forms, but they share in habitual an ability to potentiate a learners ability to benefit from learning experiences. In the absence of a mediator, even in cases where individuals acquire knowledge, they may not understand its significance. (Feuerstein et al., 2010, p. 37)Experience within Cognitivist/Constructivist PerspectivesAs learners construct their own experiential reality within a social and cultural context, the dyadic interactions that unfold imply a degree of collaboration and engagement with learning that is in and of itself motivated by a meaningful context within which learning occurs/unfolds. Collaborative learning is by its nature socially constructed learning, where the interest of learners is central, meaningful, and contextual. Decontextualized learning by contrast lacks a sense of connection to the experience of learning. front experie nces of learning are diminished when there is no meaningful context, and regular(a) experiential learning suffers. When choice around structure and content is collaboratively negotiated, learners are granted a level of autonomy around how and what they learn, and experiences that are meaningful place learning within a context to a greater termination sufficient to the learning style, goals, and priorities of the learner.Kohn emphasizes these conditions of collaboration, content, and choice, as creating the conditions necessary for authentic and intrinsically motivated learning to emerge. (Kohn, )Phenomenograpy/ pas seul TheoryThere is no learning without discernment. And there is nodiscernment without rendering. (Marton, Trigwell, 2000)The theory of phenomenography is connected with the study of human experience, particularly as it relates to educational research. Phenomenography examines thinking and learning within the context of educational research, and seeks understanding o f the different ways in which people experience, interpret, understand, perceive, or conceptualize a phenomenon, or certain aspect of reality. (Orgill, ) Marton defines phenomenography as a qualitative research methodology, within the interpretivist paradigm, that investigates the qualitatively different ways in which people experience something or think about something (Marton, 1986). One of the key epistemological tenets related to Phenomenographic theory relates to concepts of variation, discernment, and transfer.Marton postulates that in order for learning to occur, there must(prenominal) of necessity be a pattern of variation present to experience, and this pattern must be go through. (Marton, variation, pg.1). In order for learning to occur, learners must experience a wide range of variation in experience, with sameness or coincidence contributing little to our understanding of experience. Variation and difference create a broader context for understanding experience, and also expand our repertoire when encountering novel situations or circumstances. This transfer of learning is integral to variation theory and a key underpinning of phenomenography. Experiencing difference or variation may be likened to experiences of cognitive stochasticity within constructivist models of learning, where an individual experiences dissonance and a perturbation and must localize their conception of this new information within their existing paradigm. How we categorize, makes sense of, or identify with that difference relates to our discernment skills. Discernment allows a subject to see or sense an experience against the background of his or her previous experiences of something more or less different. ( Marton, pg.386). In essence, as subjects experience greater variation they become more attuned to increasingly subtle differences between the physical, cultural, symbolic, or sulfurous world that they inhabit. (Marton, pg 386) Every phenomenon that is experienced only in contrast to alternate(a) experiences of the same phenomenon (marton, pg 387)The implications for pedagogy center on the manipulation of the objects of variation in order for learners to experience variation, become adept at discerning, and transfer learning across situations. Excellence in teaching has very much to do with what aspects of the object of learning are subjected to variation, and what aspects of the object are subject to variation simultaneously. (Marton, pg. 391) Subjects learn to manage novelty as a result of having experienced novelty through variation. (Marton, pg. 394). Transfer is concerned with how what is learned in one situation affects or influences what the learner is capable of doing in another situation. (Marton, pg. 499)Meaning within Phenomenographic/Variation Theory PerspectiveContext within Phenomenographic/Variation Theory PerspectiveA concept that illuminates ideas of context within the phenomenographic perspective relates to concepts of sit uated learning. Situated in this instance refers to what surrounds the learning event that is, to the socially constructed life-world in which a particular instance of learning occurs. ( sameness in transfer, pg. 511)Sameness and difference in learning and experience are acknowledged, however the extent to which we can make use of something we have learned in one situation to handle another situation is a ma remainderLearning is not simply acquiring new information and storing it on top of the information we already have. It involves meeting something unexpected (what might describe as a perturbation), something that cannot be easily explained by those theories or understandings we have already developed. To resolve that conflict we have to change what we previously believed (kohn, pg 187) This explanation is the tie that binds constructivism, variation, theory and scheme theory to social learning, along with ideas of motivation and personal agency.

The Competitive Position Of A Company

The Competitive speckle Of A CompanyThis teaching (in the coming referred to as The line) holds twain incompatible perspectives on the scheme thinking one establish on agonistic posting and the another(prenominal) one ground on exertion structure and The Statement could to every appearances come from ostiary. In hall porters world it is the indus sift in which a beau monde operates that is the foundation for the strategical analysis (reference). This is where the rules for competition be macrocosmness made something that is well documented in Porters earlier cash in ones chips (see box Black box reference). In his later pull in (efter 1980 reference) Porter is more concerned about the resource needed to raise a favorable belligerent position at heart the industry. According to Porter every strategic formulation therefore needs to contain the deuce elements industry analysis and rivalrous positioning analyses (reference). My argument in this paper is that the two firees slewnot stand alone and that they argon the two sides of the alike(p) coin.Taken the denomination demarcations of this assignment into consideration, this is a short version of a huge commonwealth of strategic thinking, literature and ideas.How and why the stages of the evaluation has been undertakenI leave be evaluating The Statements through two different supposed approaches to outline. The industry analyses (outside-in) versus the resource base realise (inside-out). I will be working with the two approaches as two opposite poles in strategy thinking. In the industry analyses break out I will be think on Porters early work (and the positioning developtime in the coming referred to as P-School) and their approach to strategy thinking. On the other side I will be focusing on the resource based compute (in the coming referred to as RVB). This will be done through 2 different aspects A) The two approaches original hypothesis and B) The two approaches k ey points of criticism. Finally I will stackvass the two rirections and make the following conclusion/thesis The main statement of the assignment is in addition simplistic. In my view its a combination of sexual and foreign factors that checks the competitive position of a conjunction. The inside-out and the outside-in approaches pass on ofttimes in common and for strategy using both approaches argon relevant.A theoretical approach to evaluation of the statementThere have been several(prenominal) attempts in literature to categorize strategy perspectives or schools of thought (e.g. Mintzberg 1990 and Whittington 2001). The two schools I will be looking at here P-school and RVB school each describing one part of a the SWOT framework (Barney 1991). RVB describes the strengths and weaknesses of a attach to, and the industry analyses atomic number 18 accountable for opportunities and threats as described in Barneys view on strategic framework. In the following I will try to make the correlation between two key views which both ar occupied with the concept of competitive advantage through two components (Verdin Williamson, 1994) international sources and internal sources. point on the internal sources Resource based view (Inside out)The resources based view underlines the internal capabilities of the organisation in achieving sustainable competitive advantages in the mart. Studies return that there are differences in companies returns within proper(postnominal) industries (Werner Field Montgomery, 1988). These differences are interpreted as ca commitd by the existence of company specific differences in resources and skills. So it can be argued that it is the companies portfolio of resources and skills and the effective use of them, which determines a sustainable competitive advantage. Jay Barney is much mentioned as the author of the RVB approach (reference), merely also significant contributions have been made by authors desire Wernerfelt (1 984) and Gary Hamel/ C. K. Prahalad (1990). With the publication of the sustain The Theory of the Growth of the Firm (Penrose 1959) Edith Penrose advocates the view that the limitation of a companys growth opportunities are primarily related to its internal resources and capabilities. Grant, other noble contributor to the RBV, puts the theses internal resources into three groups tangible, intangible and human (reference). They all have similar but still slightly different understandings of RBV, but fundamentally they argument for an inside-out view, where the competitive advantage derives from a companys resources. Studies show that there are differences in companies returns within specific industries (Werner Field Montgomery, 1988). These differences are interpreted as ca apply by the existence of company specific differences in resources and skills. So the main hypothesis of the RBV writers is that is its portfolio of resources and skills and the effective use of them, which is the prerequisite for achieving prolong competitive advantage (reference).Fahy, Smithee (1999) cites Hooley, Moller and Broderick (1998) for criticising the resource-based view for its inward focus which risks ignoring the nature of market demand. Also Priem Butler (2001) made several points of critic by present that the role of product markets is underdeveloped in the argument, and that different resource configurations can generate the same value for firms and thus would not be competitive advantage. Priem and Butler further argue that the RBV is lacking detail and therefore being difficult to implement.The most outspoken criticism of the schools theory and method is direct against the schools one-sided emphasis on the companys resource at the expense of the market. It can be argued that this theory is too one track minded on enterprise resource being the completely factor in construction competitive advantages. The resource-based only relates inward inside out, so it does not create an immediate understanding of its purlieu, or the fact that a company must(prenominal) act in the environment in order to be competitive.Focus on the out-of-door sources Industry PerspectivePorter is a full-grown scientist in relations to the outside-in view at least his work in the beginning 1980 (reference) (which is what I will comment here). Porter and the P-School, tries explaining why some companies are more achievementful than other companies when they apparently are subject to the same business conditions (reference). In addition, the school has focused on answering the inquire What forces drive competition in an industry? (reference). In relation to The Statement Porter believes that for the individual company, the industry structure is essential for the companys strategic development and competitive position (reference). Porter identifies 5 different basic forces which determine a companys competitive position in the market a mould of industry lovablenes s Porters 5 Forces. The five forces is an out-side strategy tool which is used to illuminate the main competition issues in a market and greenback how untroubled and important each one of them is.A critic of Porter and the P-school is linked to the fact that the choice of strategy is largely based on analytical desk work, without prior knowledge of real market conditions. Mintzberg writes in his book The rise and fall of Strategic Planning The whole positioning school of which Porter is the leading spokesman depends to such an extent on strategic analyses, that it almost replaces overall planning as the main activity (Mintzberg 1994273). Porters Five Forces good example has some limitations with the market and business environment we have today. One of the criticisms is that the ride assumes a relatively static market structure ((Prahalad and Gary, 1990) that can only create a snapshot picture of the market situation. Porters model is based primarily on the economic situation in the 80s were characterized by strong competition and a stable market structures. Todays market is dynamic, hectic and incessantly changing (Prahalad and Gary, 1990), which also affects the firms acting in these markets. Another recent recapitulation is made by Larry Downes (2001) who comments on Porters theory not being as important as they used to be, as new economic laws, conditions and markets have raised ( globalisation, digitalisation and deregulation). Still they are valid to some extent, as long as they are used with the knowledge that they have limitations within them. Hill and Jones (1995) make further criticisms of Porters 5 forces by stating that a companys success is not certain to be successful just because it operates in an attractive industry. The positioning school are solely focused on the market conditions and their crucial role in the competitive position of a company (reference). They do not involve the internal environment in ascertain/improving the compe titive position of a company. This is a very express mail view, which is the same critique as I put on the RBV its too one-sided.Alternative nonfinancial perspective to Inside-Out and Outside-in approachAn alternative theoretical approach to Inside-Out and Outside-in in a nonfinancial measure could be done by looking at the contingency approach to anxiety and strategy development. Fiedlers contingency model has the basic assumption that there is no best way of organizing or leading (Fiedler, 1964). Charles W. Hofer (1975) discusses the concept in monetary value of business strategy development. The contingency approach to strategy thinking underlines the grandness of developing a best fit between structure, strategy and environment (lrebogen side 69).Summery Not either or, but complementaryI have now looked at our statement through two perspectives to strategy thinking. In my opinion, there is no one best way. Its about decision the consummate(a) fit between inside out and out side in focus. The industry perspective and RBV perspective in strategic analysis are two parts of the same whole. E.g. in analyzing the industry perspective, it is possible to severalise elements, which lies outside the area of RBV and vice versa. To be able to navigate success richly and be successful in todays dynamic markets you have to adapt to the external environments as well as the internal resources and ideally create the perfect fit between them. So its not neither or, but a complementary of both approaches, which is also the direction Porter is giving in his later work from 1985 (Murray, A. I.390).ConclusionStrategic analysis has two ascendent approaches or better referred to as fractions or perspectives. Outside In which is based on Porter and the positioning schools and the inside out concept which is often referred to as RBV Barney being the central author. This papers main point is that none of them can do without the other. The fundamental difference is that inside -out looks at the strategic analysis and a company competitive ability as being based on the internal resources and capabilities of which the company has at its disposal. On the other hand, outside in works from the starting point that it is the structure of a given industry which determines the companies competitive ability. An industry analyses requires both internal and external analyses to be successful.The Statement The competitive position of a company is resolute by the industry structure in which it competes. should be rephrased to The competitive position of a company is determined by the internal resources available to the company and by the industry structure in which it competes. if the statement should be fully correct.

Judith Lorbers The Social Construction of Gender Essay -- Socializati

Judith Lorber is able to convey many of her ideals about our contemporary conceptions of grammatical sexual practice in her essay, ?The Social Construction of Gender.? Not only does she clearly show her opinions on the roles of physiological differences of the male and womanish bodies, but she also elaborates on the roles of the mass media and professional sports among other things. It rapidly becomes clear that there atomic number 18 many legitimate arguments that support this movement for near or roll in the hay equality in genders and the roles that they perform.Clearly, society has been created around two separate classes or genders men and women. Lorber argues that much of what we consider to be gender has no guide in the natural order of the things. She is able to begin her argument by citing that gender has often been a literal creation of man in many cases such as those of hermaphrodites. Should a baby be natural with characteristics that do not fully represent t he male or the female gender, a doctor will judge the baby based on the size and shape of its gentiles, and then transform him/her into one or the other. though there argon more advanced techniques employed in this wait on today, this does illustrate the arbitrary meanings of gender.Lorber holds many of the same views as the average feminist and more. She agrees with the view that genders are nothing more than a ?cultural embrace? and is oppressive to females. Though she does not dispute the fact that there are many differences in physical, intellectual, and emotional characteristics between men and women, Lorber claims that these differences are socially meaningless until social practices transform them into social facts.? (Lorber, Page 40) These include most(prenominal) activities from professio... ...ation of people by their behavioral patterns and their physical or mental aptitudes and shortcomings earlier than gender alone. Though this hardly seems like a feasible resoluteness with the state of contemporary society, it appears to solve or so of the most deep-rooted problems of gender inequality.Larry Gross is able to offer some insight into resistance of this assimilation by suggesting the support and growth of media that both produced by and aimed at limited genders and sexual minorities. Though such changes are already beginning to deliberate place in the media today, it will surely by quite some time before these goals are realized in magnitude want after by Gross. Though both of these authors present possible advancements for their ideals, they are truly up against powerful opposition and are not liable(predicate) to see their desired changes any time in the near future.

SYMPTOMS Signs and Symbolism in Medical Discourse :: Essays Papers

SYMPTOMS Signs and Symbolism in Medical talk over Whether it is regarded as disease or illness, whether it occurs in a society practicing biomedicine or a culture practicing indigenous medicine, castness is universal. Diseases and illnesses of all types plague from each one and every society throughout the world. Central to the idea of sickness is the diagnostic element of the symptom. Although many cultures have unique ideologies regarding sickness, heal, and efficacy, these cultures use the symptom as the primary instrument to maintain their culturally constructed idea of health. Regardless of the healing system or society, globally, people tend to use the symptom as a tool to communicate illness to the appropriate medical practitioner. In seeking the healing action of practitioners and the advice of friends and family, the sick communicate their symptoms as a way of receiving brotherly legitimization for their illness. Thus, symptoms are also used by the sic k to gain legitimization of the sick role from society. Just as culture is integrate in the beliefs and behaviors of every society, symptoms are deeply embedded in the purpose of sickness and healing. Symptoms add clarity to the complex ideas of sickness and healing in such a way that it is difficult to discuss either do without touching on these symbols. The symptom is regarded as a vital sidetrack of the illness experience because it offers insight into the physiological and psychological aspects of the patients body. In this way, the symptom symbolizes the roots of a tree, anchoring a societal collar of medical knowledge and healing etiologies. Therefore, it is the purpose of this paper to explore the moment of symptoms and determine their centrality to a cultures ideas of sickness and healing. Related topics such as the symptoms significance in the process of social legitimization of illness and its symbolic nature will serve to supplement and actualize t he argument that symptoms are, in fact, central in the process of healing.Definition and sizeableness of the Symptom Due to the intricacy of the symptom, it is difficult to construct a simple-minded definition. Illness symptoms are differently labeled by individuals in different social situations (Browner 1983 494).

Superconductors and Superconductivity :: physics science superconductor

Before Kamerlign Onnes, in 1908, was able to liquefy helium and occupy its temperature down to about 1K, it had been known that the resistance of a alloy waterf any when cooled below room temperature. However, it was not known what value the resistance would go on if the temperature was reduced towards 0K until Onnes, while experimenting with platinum, discovered that, its resistance wing when cooled to a real low value that depended on the admixtures purity. As the temperature of hectogram was reduced toward 0K, the value of the resistance would fall smoothly until the resistance fell extremely suddenly at about 4K. Below 4K, mercury bring ined into a new-sprung(prenominal) postulate with electrical properties unlike those previously known this new state that mercury had entered was called the superconducting state. Superconductivity can be destroyed if a sufficiently strong magnetic field is applied. A admixture in this state has very unique magnetic properti es that are unlike those at principle temperatures. A superconductor is often referred to as the perfect diamagnetic. Diamagnetic, ideally, are a sectionalisation of materials that do not conserve magnetic flux, but expel it. A superconductor is classified as a perfect diamagnetic because by all measurable standards the magnetic flux within the material is zero. Electrons have a wafture-like nature so an negatron moving through a metal can be represented by a vapid wave progressing in the same direction. A metal has a crystalline structure with the atoms lying on a repetitive lattice a plane wave can pass through a perfectly hebdomadal structure without being scattered into other directions. An electron is able to pass through a perfect crystal without any loss of whim of its original direction. That is why it is important for superconductors to have very low impurities any fault in the periodicity of the crystal will scatter the electron wave and introduce some resista nce. This is called the residual resistance and it is independent of the temperature. thermic vibrations also increase the resistance so when the temperature is lowered, the thermal vibrations of the atoms decrease and so the electrons are less frequently scattered. In short, the resistance of a metal is dependent on the purity of a metal and its temperature metals with few impurities ready a superconducting state at low temperatures. The superconductivity state of a metal exists only in a certain range of temperature and field strength.

Structures Used in The Sound and the Fury Essay -- Sound and the Fury

Structures Used in The hold come out of the closet and the Fury In Christian and Freudian Structures, Carvel Collins points out approximately interesting systems used by Faulkner in The Sound and The Fury. Collins refers to the firstly system Faulkner uses as a Christian structure, which shows how all three Compson sons ar in parallel with Christ. When discussing the Christian structure, Collins says that it is important for the reader to shaft that three of the four sections are set on Easter sunlight and the two days preceding it (71). First, he discusses the Quentin section because it dates back to a Thursday with the other sections being on Friday (Jason), Saturday (Benjy), and Sunday (fourth section). The Thursday in which the Quentin section takes place symbolizes Christs experience on saintly Thursday and some points of similarity are 1) Quentinss Last Supper with Shreve, Gerald, and their companions in the picnic, in which they drink wine. (Wine in biblical footing symbolizes the blood of Christ.)2) The disruption of the bread with the little Italian girl (bread=body of Christ).3) Quentins torture conversation with his father stands out in his memories which takes place on the identical day of the week as the event of Christ crying out in anguish upon his father and4) Quentin is captured and taken before a court, precisely as Christ was. Next in history was Good Friday which compares to the Jason section. unitary event that took place on Good Friday was that disciple took her (Christs mother) into his avow (John 19). Christs mother was in association with her son, just same(p) Mrs. Compson and Jason Jason was the only child in which she cared for. Jasons name also seems to be significant because it was used for Jesus by Hellenized Jews. One ... ...epresents the self-importance, which Freud presents as a battleground between the urges of the id and the restraints of the super-ego and Jason at that of the repressive super-ego (73). Usi ng these Freudian terms and characteristics, the three Compson sons merge into one with Benjamin representing the id, having only instinct and does not care about time. He goes to sleep at the end of his section. past in the first sentence of the Quentin section, Quentin wakes up aware of the time (ego first part of the personality to become aware of time) (74). full treatment Cited Collins, Carvel Christian and Freudian Structures. Twentieth Century Interpretations of The Sound and The Fury. Ed. Michael H. Cowan. Englewood Cliffs, N.J. Prentice Hall, Inc., 1968. 71-74. disembodied spirit Applications Bible for Students. The New King James Version. Illinois Tyndale Publications, Inc., 1994.

Sophocles’ Antigone Essay -- Plays Literature Ancient Greece Papers

Sophocles Antigone The credit of Antigone in Sophocles play, Antigone, is one of the most controversial tragic typesetters cases in determinate literature. The war in her city has torn her family apart, caused the death of both her brothers, and created a reason for her to fight against the King, her uncle. Her uncle, Creon, makes a ruling that her brother, Polynices, is not to be buried because he is a traitor, save according to her religion, her brothers someone will not go to the afterlife until he is buried. In abnegation of her brother, she buries his body illegally and is subsequently sentenced to death. With her complex patterns of thought, bold actions, and the end she encounters, the character of Antigone causes debate among critics as to whether or not Antigone is in fact a tragic heroine. She set up be perceived as a martyred hero, decease for love and religion, or as a fanatic woman who lacks the cogency to think rationally. The way in which Antigones role is int erpreted can further help to interpret Sophocles fool of women and politics. In taking the view that she is a hero who died for her beliefs, it shows that Sophocles was aiming to prove that women deserve to be treated as equals and as citizens of Greece.Sophocles, like Antigone, was born to a privileged family in 496 B. C. in Colonus, a small town near Athens. His life was full of war stories and heroism. When he was a young boy, the Athenians defeated the Persians at Marathon. Later on, he was subjected to watching the burning of his home and the Parthenon by the Persians as well as the building of a new Parthenon. During the last years of his life, the Peloponnesian war raged on full-scale. Sophocles was a general and war hero during some of this time, but also on t... .../sophocles.htm. 10 declension 2004.Holland, Catherine A. After Antigone Women, the Past, and the Future of womens liberationist semipolitical Thought. American Journal of Political Science, Vol. 42, No. 4. O ctober 1998. JSTOR. http//links.jstor.org/s. 8 descent 2004.Saxonhouse, Arlene W. From Tragedy to Hierarchy and Back Again Women in Greek Political Thought. The American Political Science Review Vol. 80, No. 2. June 1986. JSTOR. http//links.jstor.org. 8 Dec 2004.Sophocles. Antigone. Ed. George Young. New York Dover Publications, Inc, 1993.Sophocles. Antigone. Ed. R. C. Jebb. http//www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/sophocles-antigone.txt 17 Dec 2004.Willner, Dorothy. The Oeduipus Complex, Antigone, and Electra The Woman as Hero and Victim.American Anthropologist, New Series, Vol. 84, No. 1. (Mar., 1982), pp. 58-78. JSTOR. http//links.jstor.com 6 Dec 2004.

Women and Technolgy - The Gender Gap in Computer Science Essay

Women and Technolgy - The sex pause in computing device ScienceAbstract This paper reviews the gender good luck that exists in ready reckoner information. By analyzing the probable causes of the divide, solutions may be true and possibilities of minimizing the gap increase. Although the general publics efforts toward shrinking the divide subsist, redbrick night club must change its views of women before the technological world great deal fully appreciate womens talents.A gender gap undeniably exists in the field of computer science. Hundreds of headlines in newspapers, journal articles, and magazines continually attest the divide to society, and studies performed by well-respected universities like Harvard and MIT highlight its continuing effects. More fresh studies provide evidence that the number of women in computer science is decreasing, in spite of the recruiting efforts of the technology field. The underrepresentation of women results from stereotypes of computer scientists, weaknesses within the computing community, and the social construction of women in computer science. In order to boost womens presence in technology, society must extradite a firm grasp on the problems themselves, and deal them with fundamental changes in the way we perceive women in computer science on the cognitive level.The increasing gender divide in computer science is well documented. As an issue of Technical Training recorded, inhalant of women computer science students in the UK has dropped from 37 percent a decennium ago to 5 percent in 1998.5 Other nations, including the United States, have noticed a decline in the number of women in the field. brisk Scientist found, women dominate in several subjects, namely degrees preparing students to be infant sch... ...un IT, snout Goodwin.9 Newsbytes, January 16, 2001, 337 words, Gender Salary Gap Smaller in Tech labor Study, Dick Kelsey10 Information Week, August 9, 1999, Women Make Gains in Top Management, Jenn ifer Mateyaschuk.11 http//www.mills.edu/ACAD_INFO/MCS/SPERTUS/Gender/pap/pap.html Why are There so Few young-bearing(prenominal) Computer Scientists? Ellen Spertus - 199112 The Times Union, February 7, 2001, 565 words, Albany, N.Y., Council MeetingOffers Women Advice on Using Technology, Danielle T. Furfaro.13 Achieving Gender equity in Science Classrooms, 1996, NECUSE Colleges and Brown University students and faculty14 Encouraging Women in Computer Science, 1996, Eric S. Roberts (Stanford University)15 Electronic Engineering Times, February 12, 2001, 1261 words, Engineers Week Aim to Reach Schoolgirls, Terry Costlow

Managing a Creative Culture Essay -- essays research papers

Managing a Creative Culture Do Creatives last into the Traditional Management System?The ability to reach the germinal single(a) cannot be achieved by means of the traditional centering brass section. Creative people dont operate in precise well in a hierarchical organization with traditional management techniques. To manage creatives, a new model moldiness be developed. Organizations must take heed to the needs of creatives or be subject to losing these valuable resources.SummaryResources, freedom and challenge are the management keys necessary to develop and maintain a creative environment. These keys, along with boost and supporting creatives, go out foster the growth and development of an organizations employees, management and ultimately its culture. Many organizations have tremendous victory in recognizing and cultivating the creative talent of its employees. Whether this talent is already in entrap or brought out, managers must take the best approach to ensure a po sitive, creative impact on the organization.Organizations that do not change with the measure will soon find themselves behind or more naughtilynon-existent. Different things motivate them and money is no longer the poll inducing for creatives. Looking at creatives from another view, this group, also referred to as the creative class, represents a powerful economic force. Not economic force in toll of ownership of property or the means of production but their creative capacity which is an intangible because it is literally in their heads. So what will crotchet the creative to a particular organization? Creative expression and the adventure to present new ideas and deliver results in diametric ways is the top motivation, but does traditional management provide this opportunity? This paper will present a correlation between organizational management, culture, creative types and how intelligence and fostering their integration produces successful organizations.IntroductionMana ging creatives is counter-intuitive. It goes against almost everything we are taught about managing a business. Thats why managers rarely do a good excogitate at managing these kinds of carryers. Managing creative people is counter-intuitive for two reasons--the nature of the work is different and the nature of the worker is different. Creative people dont fit in very well in a hierarchical organization with traditional man... ...ir work to inspire them. They want to feel good about who they are through the work they do. When that happens, creativity flourishes. An organization must look within its employees and get wind what they are passionate about. It is then that they will build systems to successfully prolong creatives.ReferencesAmabile, T. (1998). How to kill creativity. Harvard Business Review, 77-87Beir, J. (1995). Managing Creatives, Vital Speeches of the Day, 61(16)Cummings, L. (1965). Organizational climates for creativity. Academy of Management Journal, 220-227DeS alvo, T. (1999, June). free the creativity in your organization. HR Magazine, 154-164.Florida, R. (2002). The rise of the creative class. New York fundamental Books.Myers, R. & Ray, M. (1986). Creativity in business. New Jersey Doubleday & Company, Inc.Robinson, A. & Stern, S. (1997). Corporate creativity How groundwork and improvement actually happen. California Berrett-Koehler Publishers, Inc.Smethurst, S. & Glover, C. (2003, March). Creative License. People Management, 30-34Tan, G. (1998). Managing creativity in organizations A total system approach. Managing Creativity in Organizations, 7(1) 23-31